On the Virtues of Private Property in Locke and Rousseau Essay

On the Virtues of Private Property in Locke and Rousseau John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau, following their ancestor Thomas Hobbes, both endeavor to clarify the turn of events and disintegration of society and government. They start, as Hobbes did, by characterizing the â€Å"state of nature†Ã¢â‚¬a time before man discovered discerning idea. In the Second Treatise[1] and the Discourse on Inequality[2], Locke and Rousseau, separately, set forward intriguing and various records of the condition of nature and the development of man, yet the most bewildering contrast between the two is their originations of property. Both accurately perceive the birthplace of property to be grounded in man’s characteristic want to improve his life, yet they contrast in their depiction of the consequence of such a longing. Locke sees the need and motivation behind society to secure property as something sacrosanct to humanity, while Rousseau considers property to be the reason for the debasement and possible destruction of society. In spite of the fact that Rousseau raises intriguing and pertinent perceptions, Locke’s contention triumphs since he effectively shows the positive and fundamental impact of property on man. So as to look at either philosopher’s sees on property and its starting points, it is important to return to the start of human turn of events, in a manner of speaking, and talk about their various originations of the condition of nature. Instead of Hobbes whose vision of the condition of nature was a condition of war, Locke’s condition of nature is a period of harmony and dependability. â€Å"We must consider what State all Men are normally in, and that is, a State of immaculate Freedom†¦A State likewise of Equality, wherein all the Power and Jurisdiction is proportional, nobody having more than another.† (Locke, Second Tre... ... we have can never be a negative. In any case, Rousseau’s vision of aspiration being the defeat of society is defective. People might be adulterated and may fall, however advancement improves more noteworthy society more than it harms it. Locke effectively contended this, and is additionally demonstrated to be on the imprint by how much his vision looks like our current day society in contrast with Rousseau’s expectations. [1] Locke, John. The Second Treatise. Ed. Dwindle Laslett. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1988. [2] Rousseau, Jean Jacque. Talk on Inequality. Ed. Victor Gourevitch. Cambridge College Press: Cambridge, 1997. [3] All content references for Second Treatise will be given in the organization of â€Å"chapter.paragraph†. [4] All content references for Discourse on Inequality (likewise called the Second Discourse) will be given in the arrangement of â€Å"part.paragraph†. On the Virtues of Private Property in Locke and Rousseau Essay On the Virtues of Private Property in Locke and Rousseau John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau, following their forerunner Thomas Hobbes, both endeavor to clarify the turn of events and disintegration of society and government. They start, as Hobbes did, by characterizing the â€Å"state of nature†Ã¢â‚¬a time before man discovered sound idea. In the Second Treatise[1] and the Discourse on Inequality[2], Locke and Rousseau, individually, set forward extremely intriguing and various records of the condition of nature and the development of man, yet the most shocking distinction between the two is their originations of property. Both effectively perceive the birthplace of property to be grounded in man’s normal want to improve his life, yet they vary in their portrayal of the aftereffect of such a craving. Locke sees the need and reason for society to ensure property as something holy to humankind, while Rousseau considers property to be the reason for the defilement and possible destruction of society. Despite the fact that Rous seau raises fascinating and relevant perceptions, Locke’s contention triumphs since he effectively shows the positive and basic impact of property on man. So as to analyze either philosopher’s sees on property and its causes, it is important to return to the start of human turn of events, in a manner of speaking, and talk about their various originations of the condition of nature. Rather than Hobbes whose vision of the condition of nature was a condition of war, Locke’s condition of nature is a period of harmony and dependability. â€Å"We must consider what State all Men are normally in, and that is, a State of flawless Freedom†¦A State likewise of Equality, wherein all the Power and Jurisdiction is equal, nobody having more than another.† (Locke, Second Tre... ... we have can never be a negative. Be that as it may, Rousseau’s vision of aspiration being the ruin of society is defective. People might be undermined and may fall, yet advancement improves more prominent society more than it harms it. Locke effectively contended this, and is additionally demonstrated to be on the imprint by how much his vision takes after our current day society in contrast with Rousseau’s expectations. [1] Locke, John. The Second Treatise. Ed. Subside Laslett. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1988. [2] Rousseau, Jean Jacque. Talk on Inequality. Ed. Victor Gourevitch. Cambridge College Press: Cambridge, 1997. [3] All content references for Second Treatise will be given in the configuration of â€Å"chapter.paragraph†. [4] All content references for Discourse on Inequality (additionally called the Second Discourse) will be given in the arrangement of â€Å"part.paragraph†.

Internship review paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Temporary position survey paper - Essay Example The report talks about the learning picked up by the internee during the temporary job residency. The organization that has been interned at is Captain Bruce’s Private Kaneohe Bay Sandbar Charter. The organization profile has been talks about alongside the mission, vision, and objectives of the organization. As it is an assistance giving organization, it is imperative to guarantee that clients stay fulfilled. The most significant thing got the hang of during the temporary position residency were the methods of catching up with clients, speaking with them in a compelling way, and guaranteeing that every one of their questions and questions are replied in an agreeable way. The report reflects upon the encounters the internee had with the clients. It was found out that all clients have shifting natures and their observations about things may differ from client to client. The internee created numerous new aptitudes and cleaned the ones that required improvement with the assistance of this entry level position in the movement business. The name of the association is Captain Bruce’s Private Kaneohe Bay Sandbar Charter. The area of the association is Kaneohe in Hawaii. The association is a sole proprietorship organization. The organization expresses its trademark so that clients become pulled in towards the organization. It says to voyage the sandbar of Kaneohe Bay so Hawaii can be appreciated to the most extreme level by getting a charge out of the sun and the ocean both. The strategic Captain Bruce Company is to guarantee that clients grin under all conditions when they take up the sailing administrations of Captain Bruce. Commander Bruce is a vessel visit organization working secretly. It furnishes clients with the administrations of pontoon visits and permits them to appreciate the amazing waters of Oahu’s Kaneohe Bay and furthermore appreciate the sand bar. The organization reasoning is has an open entryway arrangement for every one of its workers. It gives the representatives the opportunity

The Examples of a Nurse From University Can Help You When Writing an Essay

The Examples of a Nurse From University Can Help You When Writing an EssayThe samples of a nurse from the university are a great source of knowledge and examples. Most of the samples contain questions and the answer can be an insight into the main themes of the essays. If you are going to write an essay in your personal or academic life, then a sample of a nurse can prove to be an excellent practice tool for your future work.As a nurse, you have probably worked with many people, both doctors and patients. You may have helped to improve the lifestyles of many people or you may have been faced with many stressful situations that have had a strong effect on you. The key for a nurse who wants to write a good example is to ensure that you do not try to be too personal about your work experience, but instead speak to the more common themes that you have encountered. The samples of a nurse that you can find on a university course will help you when you come to write the original essay, but you should still be able to make your thoughts stand out.The most important aspect of writing a good example of a nurse is to state what you know, what you have seen, and what you have experienced personally. This is something that you should remember as it will determine the tone of the essay that you write. You should not be afraid to discuss the negative experiences because you will soon learn that this will help to shape your understanding of the nursing profession.Another important part of your sample of a nurse is to discuss the various aspects of the job. The sample might contain the following statements: 'The role of a nurse is to care for people and to ensure that their basic needs are met, from simple tasks such as dressing wounds, feeding and sleeping to complex procedures like surgery'. To ensure that you do not appear repetitive, you should state the main theme of the essay in each paragraph.In the sample of a nurse you have found, you will find the question on the firs t page and this can help you to continue your focus. In the paragraphs that follow, you should think about the answers that you can provide for the questions that were raised by the sample. This will ensure that your information is fresh and that your sentences flow well. You should keep to the same structure when writing each paragraph and you should use bold and italics when it is necessary.One important section that you should keep straight to when writing the essay is to ensure that you give a clear and concise answer to the main question that was asked. You should not forget to mention any major circumstances that you may have encountered or to say that you understand the importance of the nursing profession. Writing a good sample of a nurse can help you to ensure that you do not overlook any important details and that you do not feel guilty about using examples when possible.By using the samples of a nurse from university that you have found, you can see just how useful the in formation that you can find from them can be when you write your own 5-paragraph essay. You can also see that you do not need to spend your entire life learning about nursing. There are several areas that you can learn and that you can do well in the nursing profession.When you first begin to write an essay in your own field, you will have to write for no particular topic. This is the best way to start as it will ensure that you get used to writing for a specific subject. The samples of a nurse can help you in this respect because they will help you to better understand the major themes that you can write about.

A Brief Note On International Staffing Cultural Differences

International Staffing-Cultural Differences. Introduction. This research paper is based on the cultural barriers which hinders employee performance to a great extent. Staffing is one of the biggest issue one faces in the global market. Companies today strive to diversify their workforce as much as possible by hiring employees from various backgrounds. There are three main staffing strategies a company can implement when entering an overseas market, with each having its advantages and disadvantages. The first strategy is a home-country national strategy. This staffing strategy uses employees from the home country to live and work in the country. These individuals are called expatriates. The second staffing strategy is a host-country national strategy, which means to employ people who were born in the country in which the business is operating. Finally, a third-country national strategy means to employee people from an entirely different country from the home country and host country. Cultural barriers can also be an issue with staffing within when organizations recruit employees from various cultural backgrounds. For instance Asian employee finds it difficult to work with the westernized culture. This includes the language, the way of managing things and lot more which may cause a type of frustration which demotivates the employee. Approach: My approach is writing this research paper is very clear and precise. I planShow MoreRelatedInternal and External Factor of International Human Resource Management4647 Words   |  19 Pagesacross national borders in order to be competitive. A company that operates their business in at least one country other than its country is called Multinational Corporation (MNC). According to Claus (1998) the two fundamental differences between the domestic and international company are the spread of geographic location of the company’s operations and the nature of multiculturalism. 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Janice Tan – Program Manager HE 6 (RMIT Programs) 1. Sign-Up For The SIM-RMIT Business Plan Competition (Top Prize – A$25,000) 2. End Of Course Evaluation – Although NOT Mandatory; SIM Would Appreciate Your Constructive Feedback To Improve On: ïÆ' ¼ ïÆ' ¼ ïÆ' ¼ ïÆ' ¼ ïÆ' ¼ Subject Content, Lecturer Effectiveness, IT Facilities, Library, and Programme Management. School/Department/AreaRead MoreThe Role Of Staff Motivation On The Organization Performance Of Mrs Oil Nigeria Plc1831 Words   |  8 Pagesbased on the fact that most workers are not open in answering questions concerning their salaries or personnel matters relating to them. However, the researcher will do her best to ensure she elicits adequate and correct information from the workers. BRIEF HISTORY OF MRS OIL NIGERIA PLC In December, 2009 the company formerly known as Chevron Oil Nigeria Plc changed its name to MRS Oil Nigeria Plc which is based in Lagos, Nigeria. 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Global learning outcomes such as intercultural communication skills, intercultural adaptability, intercultural sensitivity, intercultural maturity, and intercultural competence are skills that universitiesRead MoreResearch and Practice in Human Resource Management8935 Words   |  36 PagesThis study compares and contrasts how strategic human resource management activities from different country origins are implemented in Malaysian companies to motivate and retain talented cadres. The findings reveal there were significant differences across the study countries. 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Recommendations Strategic Staffing Planning Process †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Figure 1 – Economic Conditions 5 Disparate Impact Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Job Requirements Matrix – Sales Associates †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

The Elvis Honeymoon House in Palm Springs California

Economic - 1071 Words

It is a seriously problem are existed in China for a long time, which China is closer to being a traditional, command, or market economy. Actually, there are two main types of economy around the world what are the command economy and the market economy. China is market economy more than traditional and command economy. People always control and change some rules of economy who is the leader or government of China cause many economy issues. As we know, the departed China used to have command economy that the government have power to control and decided all economy system, which is called Communist Party. However, there was a big change in Chinese economy when Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party†¦show more content†¦Finally, the search for higher wages and profits and lowest prices implies competition among workers, business man, and consumers. Every companies wants to win the war in economy, so they always change the types and pr ices of goods to attract consumers just like the control of market economy(Made in Canada P101). Nowadays, China has many cooperative companies with foreign countries, which has good relationship with China. China entered into the World Organization (WTO) on December 11th,2001, it means China has gone to the world and the world has accepted China. As we know there are many foreign brand start to join China market such as Wal-Mart supermarket, Carrefour supermarket and LOTUS, all of these have positive force to develop China economy because we can learn the new operating methods from the other countries. For get the better development, China created CCIEE in Beijing what is China Center for International Economic Exchanges, this big team is opened for everyone who are the adept of their own domain, just like a bridge between China and the other countries. Since the early 1990s, the government has allowed foreign investors to manufacture and sell a wide range of goods on the domestic market, eliminated time restrictions on the establishment of joint ventures, provided someShow Mor eRelatedEconomics And Economics On Economics Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesWhen we talk about economics we must first defined the word. Economics is a social science that studies human behavior and how to allocate our limited (scares) resources, efficiently and effectively to meet our unlimited human wants. Now as we dive deeper in to the field of economics we realized that there are two separate categories that the study of economics breaks off into. The first is macroeconomics, macroeconomics is the study of the whole picture when it comes to economics. Macroeconomics willRead MoreEconomics : Economics And Micro Economics1238 Words   |  5 Pages Economics is the study of how our unlimited demand of certain things can be met by our limited amount of supply. For instance, if there was an unlimited amount of money for everyone, then everyone would have everything they had always wanted and would not have to work to get the money. Everyone would have billion dollar homes and the nicest cars in the world. Unfortunately, we do have a limited amount of money, so the economists find ways to get around that. There are two types of economicsRead MoreEconomics : Economics Of Business1361 Words   |  6 PagesHND Accounting Economics FINAL REPORT: The Economics of Business DUE DATE: 20 May 2015 Catherine Macintosh 11006620 For the attention of Sarah Sutherland Word count: 1,243 (Excluding Acknowledgements, Abstract/Executive Summary, Terms of Reference, References Appendices TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 Costs 3 1.1 Total costs 3 1.2 Average costs Read MoreEconomics1291 Words   |  6 Pageshis profit. Do you agree? Use a graph to illustrate your answer. The argument is incorrect. 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Research Proposal Business Research Method

Question: Analyze the important role played by the observational data in the qualitative research work. Answer: Introduction Data is an important part in a research process. Data that is used in a research process can be classified with respect to different aspects. One of the important aspects is the nature of situation from which the data are collected. In this aspect, data is classified into two categories. These are Experimental data and observational data. Moreover, the determination of the research method is another important activity before the beginning of any research work. Two frequently used research method are qualitative and quantitative research method. Among these two, the former method is used to make research on social science topic. In this context, it is important to note that, in the qualitative research method, the observational data is used generally. In this particular research work, the main objective is to the role that is played by the observational data in a qualitative research method (Sujarwo and Caneva, 2015). In this context, it is important to note that, the data collection and analysis process in a particular research work depends on which type of data is used in the research. In this particular research work, another aim is to evaluate the key characteristics of the collection as well as analysis process when the qualitative data is used as the main resources of the research work. Overview of the study The present research paper aims to analyze the important role played by the observational data in the qualitative research work. In this context, it is important to point out that, in a research work, different types of data are used such as experimental data, observational data. However, which types of data will be applied in a particular research work depends mainly on the research requirement. Moreover, it is also important to note that, the collection process and the analysis process of observational data is somewhat different from those of the experimental data. This difference makes the investigator of this particular research process interested about the key characteristics of the data collection and the analysis process of observational data. The researcher needs two types of data at the time of conducting a research process such as primary data and secondary data. Therefore, the data collection technique can be classified again into two divisions. These are primary data coll ection method and the secondary data collection method. Like the data collection method, there are a number of data analysis methods that are used in a research work. The two most frequently used methods are qualitative and quantitative research. Which type of research method will be used in a particular research process depends purely on the research objectives (Caobelli et al. 2015). The qualitative research method is adopted when the researcher is interested to know about the some real phenomenon and the reason behind the emergence of that phenomenon. This implies that, when the researcher is interested to gain knowledge on some real fact, mainly social fact, that the qualitative research method will be used. This indicates that, in this type of method all the data collected from the natural environment. In this context, it is important to note that, in qualitative research method, both numerical variable and attributes can be used as based on the research requirement. This implies that, in the qualitative research method, both qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis technique are used. Now, which types of data analysis method will be used in a particular research work depends on the nature of variable that are required to conduct the research process properly. Moreover, different kinds of data sampling procedure are used frequently in the quali tative research method. Since all the data that are used in this research method are taken from the real environment, therefore both types of sampling procedure are use such as probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling method. Now which types of sampling procedure will be employed in a particular research process, depends mostly on the current situation (Shi et al. 2015). The quantitative part, as well as the qualitative part of the data collection system mainly, includes holding different kinds interview sessions with the participants. All the collected data are critically analyzed in order to conclude the investigation process with useful data and findings (Delgado-Gonzlez, 2015). This part of the research paper support different kinds theories and models in the application of the research paper. There are several advantages and disadvantages of developing a proper literature review of the selected topic. With the help of an appropriate literature review, the investigator will be able to support the entire research work with adequate information and data. There are several parts which are highlighted in this part of the study (Hartas, 2015). Hence, the literature review part is considered as most crucial part of the entire research procedure. There is several sections of data analysis system, which the majority of the investigator adopts in the operations of the research work. In this particular investigation process, the study has used both primary modes of data collection technique and on the other hand, secondary mode of data collection techniques. The primary mode of data collection techniques is divided into parts. One is the quantitative, part and other one is the qualitative part. Both the quantitative part as well as the qualitative part is important for different kinds of investigation procedure. The quantitative part of the data analysis process based on organizing different types of interview session with various people based on the requirements of the research paper. This is one of the most important parts of the entire investigation procedure. The majority of the data are collected with the help of the quantitative data analysis. It is one of the most important parts of the entire data collection procedure. The objectives of the primary mode of data collection are to critically analyze the implementation of all the collected data (Teo, 2015). The sample pace of data collection is determined by the requirements of the research work. The quantitative mode of data collection helps the researcher to analyze the entire inv estigation procedure with appropriate data and findings. The secondary mode of data collection is explained with the help of different kinds of secondary information. Secondary mode of data collection helps the investigator to consult with various official websites, books, journals and magazines. The objective of the secondary mode of data collection is to critically analyze the data, which are already published (Menendez-Baceta, 2015). The purpose of the study is to examine the fundamental characteristic of the observational data in the qualitative data analysis procedure. Census, existing sources, survey sampling and designed experiments are the necessary forms of quantitative data analysis procedure. The investigator who organizes the entire data analysis system will formulate the investigation procedure based on the requirements of the research work. Depending upon the demands of the survey method the investigator decides to construct the entire inquiry system. Data are one of the most crucial parts of the whole investigation procedure. Both the primary data as well as well as the secondary data plays an important aspect in the entire inquiry process. In this particular study, the objectives of the quantitative data are analyzed correctly. The application of the quantitative data needs to be analyzed properly in order to avoid different kinds misunderstands. Sometimes it becomes one of the most difficult jobs for the investigator in order to complete the investigation procedure on time. It is one of the most difficult jobs for the investigator in order to complete the entire inquiry process. In order to collect proper quantitative data the investigator in the study faces different kinds of barriers and challenges to gather complete and appropriate data in the study. Quantitative mode of data collection is another important part of the entire data analysis procedure. Based on the findings of the quantitative method of the data collection the qualitative mode of data collection is analyzed correctly. Both quantitative part as well as well as the qualitative part are the two significant part of the data analysis procedure. In the process of entire data analysis system mainly the quantitative part as well as a qualitative part, data sampling procedure is equally importan. Determination of the source and the role of data collection method in the business are very much crucial in the organization (Kim et al., 2015). There are different points, which are highlighted in the entire study of the qualitative data. The importance of qualitative data in the industry, business intelligence, and business impact are the key factors that are emphasized in the operations of this particular research. In a research work, observational data is used when the researcher wants to collect data based on what is happen related to the research topic and make conclusion only based on that received data. Qualitative research is an exploratory research in which the researcher wants to gain some understanding of what has happened actually in the research topic. This indicates that observational data is very useful for carrying out a qualitative research work. However, sometimes it can be seen that, at the date of making qualitative research, the observational data does not help the research to get a proper understanding of the research topic (Coddington, 2015). The effectiveness of the observational data in a qualitative research depends on the particular research subject. In this research work, the primary objective is to make a critical evaluation of the role of the observational data in different qualitative research work. In this context, it is important to note that, if a researcher used observational data, then it has employed a different technique to process data than the researcher does in the case of experimental data. For this reason, in this particular research topic, it will be also analyzed what are the fundamental characteristics of the processes of data collection and analysis when the observational data are used as the primary resources. At the time of research work, the investigator chooses the qualitative research method when it is necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of the research topic. Sometimes the investigator needs to find out the reason behind the occurrence of some events of the phenomenon. In this case, the investigator does not need to require conducting an experiment. Rather, the analyst needs to gather the actual data either from the primary sources or the secondary sources and make an analysis of the accumulated data to reach the reason behind the occurrence of the real phenomenon (Ono et al. 2015). This implies that, in qualitative research, the researcher should make all the analysis based on the actual data, not on the manipulated data. In this sense, the observational data plays a significant role in the qualitative research work. In this context, it is important to note that, qualitative research work is mainly done in the studies of psychologist, anthropology, sociology. In these subject s, in this not possible for the researcher to make an experiment and gather required data for the completion of the research work. More precisely, in the qualitative research work, the investigator needs investigating the behaviors of the human participants without distorting the actual environment. Otherwise, the result of the research work will be wrong. In this case, observational data is very useful for obtaining the information. It has been observed that experimental data does not help the investigators to gather non-manipulated data and makes an accurate conclusion. Another fact in this context is important to point out that the use of observational study reduces the probability of occurrence of distortion between the observer and what is observed that can be produced by an experiment. The use of observational data in the research work provides the researcher the opportunity to make the entire analysis and conclusion based on the characteristic data. Hence, from the above anal ysis, it can be told that the use of observational data is very necessary for conducting a qualitative research work correctly. Otherwise, the entire research process and the conclusion may be biased. The essential characteristics of the process through which the observational data are collected and analyzed will be discussed in this section. The first component of the data collection process is it is a systematic process. The reason is it is not possible to gather data haphazardly. The investigator has to pre-determine the length of the observation, the time interval between two observations, the total number of observation, the tools, and techniques to collect the data accurately. The second feature of the data collection process is this process is particular. This indicates that, at the time of observational data collection process, the investigator does not collect all the aspects of the human behavior. Then that will be additional data collection. The researcher, instead of this, first determines the actual situation and then determines which particular aspects of the human behavior need to collect. This implies that, at the time of observational data collection, the investig ator collects data on specific issues. Another important characteristic of observational data collection process, the observation, is objective and free from any bias. At the time of data collection, the researcher has the clear view of the research objectives (Cressie, 2015). For this reason, the collected observation is accurate. Moreover, the all the data are collected without distorting the actual environment. This keeps the received data unbiased. However, in this context, it is important to note that, since all the data are collected from the actual environment; it may happen that the collected data may be different from the expectation of the investigators. The fourth feature of the data collection process is all the collected data will be analyzed both numerically and qualitatively based on the actual nature of the collected data. The social phenomenon often is qualitative, but to complete the research process, the researcher may collect both the numerical or qualitative dat a as per the specific requirement of the particular research process. The fifth characteristic of the data collection process is the collected observational data is easily verified. Since the observational data are collected from the natural environment, therefore they should be tested first before applying for the analysis purpose (McNeil, 2015). In this context, it is important to note that, the observational data can be checked and verified directly if it is collected from the primary source. On the other hand, it can be confirmed even if it is obtained from the secondary resources using different statistical processes such as reliability, validity, and usability. Observation is a disciplined and systematic data collection method. In this process, researchers use all of their senses to detect humans in their respective natural settings or situations that occur naturally. Observation of a particular field environment involves the following. Engagement for a prolonged period in a p articular environment or a social situation. Clearly expressed and conscious notations of how observing are done. Tactical and structured can be with the improvisation with the objective of developing a correct understanding of the delightful setting. Imparting standardized attention. Recording of a persons observation. Now Reasons for using observational data in research are highlighted (Edwards and Haas, 2016). When the type of research question that is to be answered is highlighted on answering how or what type question. When little information is known to justify the peoples behavior in a particular setting and the topic is also relatively unexplored. When understanding in a detailed way, the meaning of an environment is necessary. When studying, a phenomenon is important in its natural environment. When self-report data is probably to be dissimilar from actual behavior. When implementation of an intervention in a natural setting, observation may be used in association with othe r data collection techniques. Observational data can assist researchers to analyze the validity of an intervention across the settings. Now characteristics of the processes of data collection and analysis when using observation as the main data source is discussed. Various observation methods are helpful to researchers in different ways. They provide researchers with ways to detect for expression of feelings that are non verbal, determine who interacts with whom, grasp how communication takes place between each other, and identify the amount of time spent on various activities (Silverman, 2013). Participant observation helps researchers to examine definitions of certain terms are used in interviews with members, consider events that informants may be disagreeing to share , particularly when doing so would lack sensitivity, and view situations informants have described in interviews, thereby making them known to the distortions or incorectness in description provided by those sources. DeWALT and DeWALT opined that "the goal for design of research using participant observation as a method is to develop a holistic understanding of the phenomena under study that is as objective and accurate as possible given the limitations of the method". They suggest that participant observation should be used as a way to increment the viability of the study, as comments can make the researcher have a better knowledge of the context and phenomenon under study (Lewin, 2016). Validity is stronger with the use extra strategies used with consideration, such as document analysis, surveys, interviews or questionnaires, or other methods. Participant observation can be used to help answer descriptive research questions, to build theory, or to generate or test hypotheses. Therefore, these are the essential characteristics of the processes of data collection and analysis when using observation as primary data source (Thorpe and Holt, 2007). Conclusion In this research work, it has been discussed that, how observational data plays a significant role in the qualitative research study. Since, the qualitative research method has been adopted in the social science topic; therefore, the use of observational data is the only way to accomplish the research properly. It helps the researcher to get a proper overview of the subject and the closely related topics. This understanding will in turn help the researcher to answer the research question and reach the objectives. Moreover, in the research study, it has been also observed that, at the time of using the observational data, the researcher should use somewhat different collection and analysis technique. The research paper is based on the role of observational data in qualitative research, and the fundamental characteristics included in the process of data collection and analysis when using as the primary data source. Reference List Hofmann, M.J. and Koelsch, P., 2016. 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The Influence of Undergraduate Science Curriculum Reform on Students Perceptions of their Quantitative Skills.International Journal of Science Education,37(16), pp.2619-2636. (Assessed from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09500693.2015.1096427#.VpTVWvl97IU) Ono, K., Licandeo, R., Muradian, M.L., Cunningham, C.J., Anderson, S.C., Hurtado-Ferro, F., Johnson, K.F., McGilliard, C.R., Monnahan, C.C., Szuwalski, C.S. and Valero, J.L., 2015. The importance of length and age composition data in statistical age-structured models for marine species.ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil,72(1), pp.31-43. (Assessed from: https://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/1/31.short) Hailey, W.A., Ryan Jr, E.J. and Cooke, J.P., 2015. Barriers to the Use of Quantitative Techniques in Marketing Decision Making. InProceedings of the 1983 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 506-509). Springer International Publishing. 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Social Networking or Social Isolation Essay Example

Social Networking or Social Isolation Essay Individuals use of wed-based interactive websites isnt just restricted to social interaction and wikipedia.. The shrewder of Internet users out there can now become globally recognised, a familiar face in the sea of faces, if you like. There are several ways of doing it. The first would be to make a video of yourself and post it on a video hosting website, something which is accessible to millions of people worldwide and nearly always free- therefore a way of getting instant recognition. Like Facebook, this is only a recent phenomenon, but one which is becoming increasingly popular amongst Internet users. The range of videos you can make is seemingly limitless and these so-called video blogs (or vblogs for short) can make stars out of the people who are in them. A famous example is Chris Crocker, a young American kid who defended Britney Spears after she was on the receiving end of worldwide negative press. He became a star overnight; he was interviewed on CNN and ABC, he has been on various American chat shows, and he even has his own line of Leave Britney Alone merchandise. It is ironic, of course, that the unwitting star of this cult video should be interviewed by well-established American news stations- the sign of just how big vlogging has got and an indication that the media pendulum has swung somewhat- suddenly, it is the people who make the second-hand media, the vloggers, that are now stars in their own rights. Surely this is a true symbol of people truly embracing, truly becoming, the media. In one of his interviews he says We will write a custom essay sample on Social Networking or Social Isolation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Networking or Social Isolation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Networking or Social Isolation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I actually had no idea that any of this was going on. I went to the grocery store after I posted it, not even five hours afterwards. An old woman in the grocery store said she saw it on (TV). From then it kind of snowballed (4) (Chris Crocker interviewed on MSNBC website).  It took just five hours for this everyday American teen to gain national and global recognition, a clear indication that people have truly embraced the media. Another way of getting fame and fortune via these Web 2.0 applications is sharing music. Napster, a web 1.0 P2P file-sharing website was the first to share website to allow people to share music, but recognised artists were generally the only ones who were shared on a regular basis. Then MySpace came along. Some of the biggest acts of in recent years started off on myspace promoting their music in order to move up the ladder to possible global superstardom. One band who epitomise the MySpace music sharing generation is The Arctic Monkeys, who were just four everyday young lads from Sheffield who started off sharing their music on MySpace. They went on to have the fastest-selling debut album of all-time, largely due to the following they amassed as relative unknowns using the Internet to promote their material. Louis Collard writes:  MySpace represents a huge marketing opportunity for artists, and given the essentially zero cost, this is an avenue available to both signed and unsigned artists. Many well known bands, as well as thousands of lesser known and unsigned artists have a MySpace homepage. (5) (Collard, date unknown, page 3). And what he says is true; MySpace is definitely a huge marketing niche for the average soloist/band, to promote their music to millions of people, for free, and perhaps make it big. That is an opportunity more and more people are going to grasp, as long as MySpace remains free the market is going to widen, because more and more bands will want to exploit the benefits, but the niche will get smaller because there are so many bands about who sound the same. Innovation is the key in this type of technology, if you can release something unheard of, like the social realism of the Arctic Monkeys, then you are half-way to making it; youve just got to promote your work enough and work hard to achieve goals. Is the fact that these Web 2.0 applications are so successful, and so globally utilised, a sign that the motto Dont hate the media, become the media is being employed a lot more, (maybe not as consciously as the Indymedia organisations but probably as much as them) as more people see the benefits of the media, and not the drawbacks? There are, in my opinion, several factors that are benefiting the average person- the fact that these utilities are free, the fact that these utilities can be used and recognised globally and the fact that these utilities are highly interactive make them an ever-popular medium. Finally, after years of living in the producers spotlight, the consumers have a say how things are ran, and the line between producer/publisher is becoming more and more blurry by the day. Paradoxically, the consumer becomes a producer, whilst still remaining a consumer too, when promoting their music on MySpace for example, a clear indication that the line between producer and consumer is sketchy. An IBM report states:  Media consumers, to varying degrees, will be increasingly involved in the creative process. These shifts toward a pervasive media environment will evoke major changes in media and entertainment companies by 2010. Media companies will need new strategies to respond to emerging media experiences and consumption behaviours. (6) (IBM report, various authors, 2004) Even the large companies are acknowledging that there is going to be a gradual change in the future and that the consumer will become increasingly involved in the near future. The trends certainly show no sign of declining, as more and more people gain access to the Internet, and sign up for interactive satellite TV., newer applications will be made available. Who truly knows what lies in store for the media in the future? It is too difficult to envisage what new interactive mediums people will dream of next, but there is no doubt that the next big phenomenon to take the Internet by storm will involve an element of interactivity. Not always made by the people but powered and popularised by them, interactive forms of media are a true sign that people have listened to what Jello Biafra said all those years ago and instead of showing animosity to the media, they have truly became the media themselves. Footnotes: (1) Cyberactivism, Martha McCaughey, Michael D. Ayers, Routledge, 2003, page 60) (2) Nyland, Marvez, Beck, Myspace: Social Networking or Social Isolation?, 2007,http://www.gentletyrants.com/wpcontent/uploads/2007/03/Nyland_Myspace%20isolation.pdf, (accessed 17/11/2008) (3) Maness, Library 2.0 Theory: Web 2.0 and Its Implications for Libraries 2006, http://www.webology.ir/2006/v3n2/a25.html, (accessed 17/11/08)

Analysing The Parable Of The Sower Religion Essays

Analysing The Parable Of The Sower Religion Essays Analysing The Parable Of The Sower Religion Essay Analysing The Parable Of The Sower Religion Essay Essay Topic: Parable Of the Sower The Parable of the Sower is found in each of the synoptic Gospels, every bit good in the Book of Thomas. But why? Each of the authors must hold seen fit to include it for some ground or another. Luke saw the manner in which the fable could be used to turn to the hapless people of his clip. His concerns for the financially impaired and castaway were some of the most outstanding facets of his Gospel. He was besides really concerned with the predicament of adult females during his clip. Although it is found in the New Testament, many Church Fathers have written commentaries on this parable, analyzing different facets of the narrative and explicating their symbolism. The Parable of the Sower is non a actual narrative of a husbandman ; it is a manner in which Jesus conveys the message of God s Kingdom to the people who were listening by comparing himself and the message of God to a sower and a seed. Luke does non bespeak where Jesus is when he is giving this parable. However, it is known that Jesus is going with his apostles and with a group of Galilean adult females. This same group of adult females will besides go with Jesus to Jerusalem and be informants to his decease. But for now, they are prolonging their gypsy teacher out of their ain agencies ( Just 130-137 ) . It is besides of import to observe that going with adult females in this manner is counter-intuitive when looking back on the civilization of the clip. Womans were practically second-class citizens and the fact that Jesus was conveying them with him fits really nicely into Luke s positions of adult females s rights and demands during the clip he was composing. The crowd that Jesus is prophesying to is a slightly random mixture of people. The transition states a great crowd gathered and people from town after town came to him ( Luke 8: 4 ) . This suggests that there is a consolidative subject behind Jesus narratives. His ability to learn is impressive, but the fact that he can make out to so many people, including Greeks, Romans, Jews and Gentiles, is intriguing. There are adult females in the crowd every bit good, which comes as another surprise. The normal Semite tradition would non let adult females in an country or session such as this. Besides, it is noted that Jesus household is in the crowd, waiting to see him. He responds, stating that My female parent and my brothers are those who hear the word of God and make it ( Luke 8: 21 ) . This implies that Jesus has cut some of his secular ties and that the 1s who act in conformity to God s will is his household. This subdivision of the book consists of two chief parts: the parable and Jesus account of the parable. Jesus helps his adherents to understand his words, yet still uses a big sum of symbolism when he talks. For illustration, he spoke often about ears. Ears, in a scriptural context, frequently represent the credence or rejection God s word ( Macmillan Dictionary ) . Harmonizing to Cyril of Alexandria, Jesus clearly divides people into two classs: those who have been given by God cognition of the enigmas of the land, and the remainder, who do non cognize the enigmas ( Just 130-137 ) . Cyril is in understanding with the symbolic impression of ears because both transitions seem to split the audience into two cantonments: those who have heard or accepted God s word and those who have non. Both of these thoughts are utile in explicating this transition because Jesus subsequently says Let anyone with ears to hear listen, ( Luke 8: 8 ) proposing that anyone who has the capacity to hear and that is willing to understand and accept God s message should listen to his words. Basil the Great says that the ear gives entree to the bosom and the interior individual ( Just 130-137 ) . In this sense, the ears are an effectual manner of making a individual. By sharing the message of God, Jesus is efficaciously seeding the seeds of a fledgeling faith. Another word that is often used in the transition is seed. The seed, though it is chiefly used for agricultural intents, is described to exemplify forms of growing in the land of God ( Macmillan Dictionary ) in scriptural texts. In this instance, the seed is supposed to stand for the word of God and how it is received among the assorted peoples of the clip. Cyril of Alexandria says, in add-on to placing the seed as the Word of God, Jesus besides implies that the birds are the Satan, who snatches the good seed on the way ( Just 130-137 ) . The Satan is snaping the good seed by taking from the memory the words of the catechetical talks, says Symeon the New Theologian. Even the objects that impede the seeds growing on the way, such as the dry land and the irritants have implicit in significances. Ephrem says that the thankless psyche is like a tract for immorality and that the Word of God finds difficult dirt during times of persecution ( Just 130-137 ) . In this subdivision, Ephrem is indicating out that it is hard for the Word of God to distribute during times of utmost persecution. Peoples will be less likely to hear the Word if there is a solid menace of decease attach toing it. If the seed is the word of God, so the sower, the one distributing the seed, must be Jesus. Many Church Fathers wrote commentaries refering this portion of Luke s Gospel. They all tend to hold that Jesus was the sower in this fable. Harmonizing to Clement of Alexandria, he ( Jesus ) is the lone agriculturist of the dirt from the foundation of the existence. Cyril of Alexandria says Jesus is the sower who sows the seeds ( Just 130-137 ) . Even Origen seemed to hold, composing that Seed should non be sown beside the manner but in the manner itself, which is Jesus, who is the Way ( Just 130-137 ) . These three interpreted the parable to intend that Jesus is the chief figure of the parable. The sower is responsible for the future growing of the works and is supposed to works the seed where he thinks it will outdo flourish. If Jesus is the sower, it is his duty to make his best to give the seed a proper topographic point to get down and to assist the word of God spread every bit rap idly as possible. The Parable of the Sower is an of import message. However, it is known that Luke was non an eyewitness to most of Jesus ministries. Therefore, many of his histories must hold been taken from others. Because he is a secondary beginning, there are many differences in entering between his Gospel and the others. The disagreements normally concern what Jesus really said. For illustration, the Gospel of Matthew provinces that the individual who is like the seed sown along the way does non understand the word of God and is hence susceptible to the evil 1. However, Luke suggests that the word of God is stolen and that the people are non given the chance to understand it ( Hultgren 180-202 ) . The difference is that Matthew writes that a individual ( remarkable ) does non understand the word of God, where Luke suggests that the people ( plural ) are non given the word so hence they are robbed of the chance to understand God s message. Luke writes so that the people who are hapless or friendl ess can associate more readily to Christian beliefs. If they think that they are downtrodden because they have non been exposed to the message, they are more likely to accept the message in hopes of a better hereafter. Another facet that should be examined is the differences between the relations of the parable. The narrative appears in all three of the Synoptic Gospels, every bit good as the Coptic Gospel of Thomas. There are non any serious textual and translational jobs between the texts, aside from the aforesaid disagreements refering what Christ really said. However, the order in which the fables were written is evident. After analyzing verbal similarities between the Gospels, it can be concluded that both Matthew and Luke based their relation of the parable on Mark s version. Matthew writes in a really similar manner, which would bespeak that he drew his stuff from Mark. Luke s version is much shorter than Mark s ( Hultgren 180-202 ) . This shows that he borrowed stuff from Mark because it would be hard for him to compose a longer version of a narrative that he did non informant. The Parable of the Sower is one of the narratives that is used in each of the Synoptic Gospels. It has values that each of the authors can pull strings to suit their docket. Luke used the parable as a manner to turn to the demands of the hapless, the downtrodden, the castaway and the adult females. By using what Jesus said and somewhat altering the diction, he was able to link the message of God to the people with which he was concerned. He was a talented author with much more literary pattern than most of the people during his clip. However, the narrative that he relays about Jesus interactions with the hapless people have been the topic of examination by tonss of scriptural bookmans. Church Fathers look into fables like this one in order to understand the deeper significance behind the Word of God. It is this examination that displays the writers single concerns with the people of the clip. Luke s feelings toward the hapless and oppressed are highlighted by authors such as Origen and Cyril of Alexandria as they dig deep into the symbolism of Luke s authorship. However, this parable sheds another visible radiation on Jesus, demoing him as a instructor who accepts those who follow God s will as his household. The narrative that Luke portions is non about a husbandman and a seed ; it is about Jesus and his message. What we choose to make with that message now is all that affairs.

Stylistic anaylsis on drama text Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stylistic anaylsis on drama text - Essay Example Despite being a king, who is powerful, Arthur does not through back insults at the man who continuously insults him. The second character, who is Man, is a disrespectful and arrogant person. He haughtily talks to King Arthur. He abuses him and calls him names like pig and dog. He does not respect the fact that Arthur is a king. The other character in the play, who is Galahad, is an interrogative person. He asks what the man was doing in England and if there was someone else they could talk to. Turn taking and topic control Conversations require to be controlled. There are norms to guide who talks and at what time. There are two steering norms in conversations (Short, 1996). These are: 1. One person to talk at a time 2. There should be no silence spells. The above helps a conversation to be smooth. In the extract below, questions have been used to signal the turn of the next speaker. Man: ’Allo. Whoo is eet? Arthur: I am King Arthur and these are my Knights of the Round Table. Whose castle is this? Man: This is the castle of my master, Guy de Loimbard. In the extract below, the norm of turn taking has been ignored. Man speaks even before Arthur passes his point. This is a sign of some misunderstanding. Arthur: Now look here, my good man†¦ Man: I don’t want to talk to you no more, you empty-headed animal food trough†¦ The rule of topic control has been violated in the text. The subject matter in the conversation was King Arthur and his men seeking for accommodation in Guy de Lombard’s castle. As the conservation goes on, man deviates from the subject matter by naughtily telling King Arthur that his matter already has one and it is nice. This leads to the conversation being agitated, Man throwing insults at Arthur and ends up with one of Arthur’s men being killed. Conservational implicatures Conversational implicatures occur when one flouts a conversational maxim so as to pass intendedinformation which has not been literary ex pressed,(Wilson & Sperber 1981).In the text in question, there are instances where conversational maxims have been flouted to pass a supplementary meaning which has not been literally brought out. For example, the maxim of quality has been violated in the dialogue below from the extract. Arthur: Are you sure he’s got one? Man: Oh yes. It’s very nice. Fromthe above, man has violated the maxim of quality. He gives more information than simply doing what he has been requested to do. He wants Arthur to know that not only has his master got it but what he has is also nice. There is also an instance where the maxim (Wilson & Sperber, 1981) of manner has been violated. The speaker is unintelligible and purposely confusing when he responds to a question or when it is his turn to speak. The speaker fails to be concise and brief. In the example below; Arthur: If you will not show us the Grail we shall storm your castle. Man: You don’t frighten us, English pig-dog. Go and boil your bottom, son of a silly person. I blow my nose on you so-called Arthur King, you and your silly English k†¦.niggets. We see that man gets out of topic and starts throwing insults at King Arthur. He does that to show what he feels about King Arthur. We also notice a conversational impl

Juvenile Probation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile Probation - Essay Example The jurisprudence today looks at these youngsters as victims of society rather than as perpetrators of a crime. There are many improvements and reforms being implemented in the juvenile justice system and one of these is the increasing use of probation to help wayward youngsters avoid jail time. In this regard, a highly recommended approach is the use of information technology to improve the probation administration system by giving probation officers access to vital data in a flash. High Performance Teams – one of the best game-changers in the administration of a juvenile probation system is the use of the new information technology (IT). The use of IT is a positive influence on those who need to monitor several hundreds or even thousands of the youngsters on probation. With an IT system in place, probation officers can obtain the needed information to make their jobs easier. Information technology has long been recognized as the enabler that has a big positive impact on soci al work practice. The information contained in a database will allow probation officers to make better decisions with regards to using a correct intervention modality with regards to a particular juvenile â€Å"probationer† because they have at hand information about that youngster.

The Pazzi Conspiracy Essay Example for Free

The Pazzi Conspiracy Essay Abstract: On a sunny Sunday in April of 1478, assassins from the Pazzi family attacked Lorenzo de’ Medici and his brother Giuliano. Giuliano lay bleeding on the cathedral floor, and later bled to death. Lorenzo, however managed to get to safety—not a good thing for the Pazzi family. Up to this point the Pazzi clan had been considered one of the most noble and well-respected clans. They were financiers who â€Å"feared and resented the Medici’s swaggering new role as political bosses. † 4 This failed assassination attempt doomed the Pazzi family. The Medici’s put forth swift and brutal revenge. Each of the Pazzi family who had taken part in the assassination attempt was either hanged or beheaded, and the bodies were hung from the windows of the governmental palace. As if this wasn’t punishment enough, the Pazzi’s were forced to change their surname. Every remnant of evidence that the Pazzi family had once been a well-respected clan was wiped out by the Medici’s. 4 It was Easter Sunday within the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. The Priest was just bringing the Mass to a close, when assassin’s attacked the de’Medici brothers, Lorenzo and Giuliano, brutally stabbing them. Giuliano was stabbed a horrifying nineteen times, and the blood drained from his body right there on the cathedral floor. Lorenzo, however, was stabbed only once in the neck, a cut that apparently missed any major arteries, and he fought his attackers with all his might until he got free and ran away to hide. 5 Of course there was chaos within the cathedral, and some brave soul ran to pull the bell pull to send out a distress call and summon other Florentines to help ward off the coup attack taking place within the cathedral walls. Shortly thereafter every church in Florence was also tolling their bells, call the men of Florence to â€Å"defend their Republic.† Who were these Medici’s who had taken control of their government? It is believed that they were descendants of apothecaries—today’s pharmacists—and were relatively unknown in the 14th century. Giovanni Medici was the mastermind of the family and his business acumen and sheer boldness brought the Medici family from the shadows directly to the forefront of the political world in Florence. 6 Giovanni was one of five sons. He lived with their mother, a poor widow woman. A wealthy cousin of Giovanni’s acquired a position for Giovanni as an employee of the Medici Bank in Rome, and it was not long before Giovanni, demonstrating his boldness and business prowess, moved straight to the top in the bank, actually displacing his own cousin. Giovanni was a blatant risk taker, and began laundering money for Baldasarre Cossa, commonly known as a pirate. Giovanni even went so far as to put up the money to allow Cossa’s bid for the Papacy, and in 1410 Cossa was actually elected Pope John XXIII. Of course the former pirate felt obliged to reward his good friend Giovanni by making the Medici family the new Papal Bankers. Giovanni became known as â€Å"God’s Banker.† This turned out to be quite a lucrative venture for both parties involved—the former pirate, and the former nobody who rose to such a high position. The Medici bank received a hefty ten percent of everything the Church brought in. At this time in history there was a rather unscrupulous debt collection service run by the church itself. If people didn’t pay, they were promptly excommunicated, a very powerful motivator. Soon the Medici family were the third wealthiest family in Florence, much to the dismay of the older, more established families who saw the Medici family as money-grubbing interlopers. Giovanni Medici soon built an entire network of thugs and thieves who both demanded and rewarded unconditional loyalty. He set up the banks so the managers shared a stake in their bank, and even banned loans to Kings or Princes, as he felt they were absolutely the worst risks. He often advised his descendants to â€Å"Always keep out of the public eye—never show pride.† 6 It would have been better for all involved if they had taken this advice to heart. Giovanni’s son, Cosimo de Medici was trained from a very early age to take over the banking empire from his father. Cosimo was a dedicated learner, â€Å"studying classic texts, attending lectures and becoming one of the first generation of Humanists. Cosimo urged his father to turn the family’s wealth to civil patronage.† 6 When Cosimo inherited the position of Capo from his father, the Albizzi family, another wealthy, powerful, family made up treason charges against him out of sheer jealously and Cosimo was actually sentenced to death for these false claims. Luckily he bribed his way from prison and hid out for a while, later returning to Florence more powerful than ever. However, shortly after Cosimo returned, he was attacked in a dark alleyway and his attackers cut his face from ear to ear. He lived, but bore the scars known as â€Å"che brutta figura†, which translates into â€Å"revenge through humiliation.†6 Cosimo, much like his own father well understood how politics and power worked. His own advice to his heirs, which was much like his father’s advice to him was, â€Å"Do not seek power. Wait until they call you.† Cosimo had two sons, Giovanni and Piero. Giovanni was certainly his father’s favorite, and was obviously being groomed to take over the family business while Piero was sickly, and stayed out of the public limelight because of his ill health. Piero devoted himself to learning, and became well-respected as a diplomat. In fact, King Louis XI had such a high opinion of Piero that he gave him the specially bestowed honor of â€Å"permitting Piero to stamp the lilies of France on one of the balls of the Medici arms—this one ball colored blue for that purpose.† 6 When Piero’s brother Giovanni died unexpectedly, Cosimo began grooming his grandson, Lorenzo to take over because he felt Piero’s health was unstable and that he couldn’t handle the job. Piero had two sons, Lorenzo and Giuliano. Lorenzo, at the tender age of seventeen was well known for his courage and boldness, â€Å"single-handedly foiling a Pitti family plot to assassinate his father Piero.† 6 Lorenzo was indeed well educated in banking and diplomacy in order to follow in the family footsteps, but he apparently also had a lust for the other side of life; wine, women and song.   He married at nineteen and fathered seven children, two of them adopted. Lorenzo was a patron of the arts and promoted such artists as Bottcelli and Leonardo DeVinci, even going so far as to take a young Michelangelo into his own home and â€Å"raising him like a son.† 6 Lorenzo’s trademark phrase was somewhat different from that of his father and grandfather: â€Å"He who wishes to be happy let him be so, for of tomorrow there is no knowing.† Giuliano de Medici was Lorenzo’s younger brother, and shared Lorenzo’s passion for life. He fathered an illegitimate child in his youth, and when he was murdered on that fateful Easter Sunday Lorenzo later adopted that son. While Giuliano loved his older brother, there was also some natural resentment involved in their relationship. As for the Pazzi family, consider this heritage: â€Å"During the First Crusade in 1088, as Christian soldiers scaled the walls of Jerusalem, a fighter named Pazzo Pazzi was the first man over the top. Pazzo was often known as â€Å"the madman.† 11 As a reward for his courage, he was gifted three small stones from the Holy Sepulcher.† 7 The Pazzi were an old Florentine family, and two of the family members were even named in â€Å"Divine Comedy,† by Dante. There were also boasts of having a knight in each generation. The Pazzi arms which reflected their long and noble history contained â€Å"crescents, battlement towers and twin dolphins on a blue field with nine crosses.† 7 The arms represented Christian faith, generosity and freedom, and the Pazzi’s displayed it proudly. Andrea de Pazzi entered into banking in the fourteenth century. He was a sharp businessman and quickly amassed a fortune. However, being one of the â€Å"grande† names in the area they were excluded by Florentine law from participating in their own government. Because of this law, Andrea decided to relinquish the status of â€Å"grande† and give his own sons the opportunity to hold public office. 7 During a visit in 1443 by Pope Eugene IV to the Pazzi family, the Pope made a deposit of 4000 florin into the Pazzi bank, showing that there were â€Å"Papal accounts that could be pried away from Medici control.† Andrea left three sons, Antonio, Piero and Jacopo, all of whom were well-educated in the banking trade and all of whom held a large fortune and extensive assets. Jacopo was the only son who would live long enough to â€Å"become enmeshed in the conspiracy to assassinate the Medici brothers.† 7 Interestingly, however, Jacopo happened to also be a strong supporter of Piero de’ Medici, Lorenzo’s father. Jacopo was known throughout for his great generosity to the poor, and although he began as an observer, he eventually allowed his nephew, Francesco, son of Antonio, to draw him into the assassination plot. Francesco, Jacopo’s nephew was known as â€Å"diminutive, pale and driven,† but apparently he harbored great resentment for the Medici’s, in fact it soon became apparent to all that his hatred of the Medici’s had overtaken every aspect of his life, and even allowed him to conveniently forget that he was in fact related to the Medici through marriage. 7 This urgency that Francesco displayed, along with his intense hatred for the Medici clan became the driving force for the assassination plot. So, now we know about the Medici clan and the Pazzi clan. The other factor in this triangle were the Pope and his court. The conspiracy planned by the Pazzi actually had the blessing of the church because Pope Sisto IV â€Å"contemplated to demolish the dominion of Medici and for this purpose he sustained the groups led by Pazzi’s family which had replaced de Medici in the office of bankers.† Francisco della Rovere was destined from his very childhood for the Franciscan order. 8 On the death of Pope Paul II, he was elected pope and called Pope Sixtus IV. Unfortunately Pope Sixtus used his position as Pope to further his own family members by obtaining political appointments for them. When Lorenzo â€Å"refused Sixtus’ demand on the Medici bank for a loan of 40,000 ducats to purchase the town of Imola,† the conspiracy was set into motion. 8 Sixtus wanted to acquire the town in order to give it to his nephew, Riario. Girolamo Riario was the nephew of Sixtus and was one of the key plotters in the assassination attempt on the Medici brothers. Riario married the daughter of the Duke of Milan, and used this marriage to attempt to sabotage the relationship between the Duke and Lorenzo. â€Å"Riario fueled Francesco de Pazzi’s inner fire by intimating that the Pazzi family would play a large part in the next government of Florence, while coveting the future Dukedom of Florence for himself.† Archbishop Francesco Salviati was born into one of Florence’s most active political families and was related by marriage to the Pazzi, Medici, Vettori, and other very powerful families. 8 Salviati was a â€Å"flatterer, a gambler, and lusted for the power that could be attained through church favour.† 8 He easily became a co-conspirator in the attempted assassinations. Count Riario himself summoned Battista to meet with himself and the Archbishop Salviati. Salviati strongly persuaded the others to agree with him about wanting a â€Å"coup d’ tat in Florence, and Riario and Salviati then outlined what they considered to be Lorenzo’s evil intentions against each of them, telling Battista repeatedly that when the Pope died, Riario and his state would be in grave danger from Lorenzo. 10 Riario and Salviati finally bluntly told Battista that the only thing to do was to â€Å"cut Lorenzo and Giuliano to pieces, to have troops ready in secret, and to go into Florence and do this thing.† 10. Battista was reluctant, believing they were discussing something very big, and he wasn’t sure he wanted to become involved, but the other two were persuasive. Although nobody knew at the time, there were literally hundreds of mercenary troops settled firmly within the borders of Tuscany, â€Å"poised to invade the city at a signal that never came.† It was Salviati and Francesco de Pazzi who masterminded the plot to assassinate Lorenzo and Giuliano. Riario, always working behind the scenes, remained in Rome. Interestingly enough, the plan was hardly a secret, and was fairly widely known. The Pope reportedly even stated that â€Å"I support it—as long as no one is killed.† 11 Rather a silly statement when the plot is an assassination plot. When Lorenzo escaped the assassination attempt, he locked himself in the sacristy. â€Å"A coordinated attempt to capture the Gonfaloniere and Signoria was thwarted when the archbishop and the head of the Salviati clan were trapped in a room whose doors had a hidden latch.† 11 The assassination attempt had failed, and â€Å"enraged Florentines seized and killed the conspirators.† 11 Jacopo Pazzi was tossed from a window, and if that weren’t enough to kill him, he was finished off by the angry mob, then dragged naked through the streets and eventually thrown in the river. 11 The entire Pazzi family were stripped of all their worldly possessions, and every â€Å"vestige of their name effaced.† 11. Salviati, even though he was an archbishop was summarily hanged on the walls of the Pallazo. Lorenzo actually appealed to the crowd to show mercy, but to no avail, as many of the conspirators and even those only accused of being co-conspirators were killed. Lorenzo managed to save the nephew of Sixtus and two other relatives of the plotters, and the main conspirators were hunted down throughout Italy. During the assassination plot, Marsilio Ficino, who was the son of Cosimo Medici’s physician, became important in his own right. In 1478, largely as a result of the war which resulted from the assassination plot, the plague broke out in the city of Florence. Ficino published a very different sort of work; a practical guide to the treatment of the plague, and was written in Tuscan to be readily accessible to his fellow citizens. 12 This work went on to be translated into Latin and published â€Å"alongside Galen’s work on fevers, as a standard medical work. It is easy to forget that all Ficino’s works of profound contemplation and leisurely presentation were written against a backdrop of intense social and political disturbances.† Another player in this era was Caterina Storza, an illegitimate daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza who ended up married, at the age of fourteen, to Girolamo Riario, the nephew of Sixtus, and a primary player in the assassination attempt on the Medici family. Caterina came to be known as the â€Å"Machiavellian mother† in Machiavelli’s works. 1 Eventually, after the assassination attempt, the tables were turned and Riario was murdered by a group of conspirators in his own home, just after lunch. The murderous group then took Caterina, her mother, her two half sisters, an illegitimate son of Girolamo’s and her six children, captive. Although the aim of the assassination attempt was to get rid of the Medici family, and show Lorenzo in a bad light, the aftermath of the fateful Easter Sunday actually showed quite the opposite. Lorenzo had kept his head during the entire chaotic episode, and he would show time and time again as things progressed that he was intelligent and calm in the very worst of circumstances. When the conspiracy fell apart, Sixtus was furious and drew up â€Å"an ecclesiastical censure against Florence, withdrawing sacraments and the right to a Christian burial from all the citizens of Florence.† He excommunicated Lorenzo all on his own, which actually had little effect, so he formed a military alliance with King Ferrantes of Naples and began planning an attack on Florence itself. 3 The allies that had previously helped the Medici were not anxious to help the Medici fight the Pope, and even though it seemed there would be another disaster, Lorenzo’s â€Å"brilliant tact,† averted it. â€Å"Switching effortlessly from avenger to peace-maker, he personally traveled to Naples to confer with the King, and an understanding was achieved without resorting to war. From then on Lorenzo became known as the Savior of Florence.† Lorenzo followed closely the policy which was begun by his grandfather Cosimo. He managed to â€Å"maintain a balance of power between the five chief Northern Italian states, forming defensive alliances and thus keeping a check on invasions from foreign powers.† 3 The Medici Bank had been somewhat neglected since Cosimo’s time, as he had turned more and more to politics, and though Lorenzo did his best to turn this around, he found himself, for perhaps the first time in his life, in financial difficulties. To keep himself afloat, â€Å"he resorted to embezzling Public Funds, and it was this that later undermined his rule.† Although we have all been led to believe that â€Å"history belongs to the victors,† it is still very sad to understand that every trace of the Pazzi family, one of Florence’s oldest and most respected families, was wiped out following the attempted coup. 13 â€Å"The Pazzi coat of arms was torn off their buildings. A special governmental commission spent the next two years disentangling Pazzi assets with a view to confiscation. Anyone with the name of Pazzi was forced to change it. Women of the family were forbidden to marry in Florence, which was as good as not allowing them to wed at all. No portrait of any Pazzi adult is known to have survived.†   It is an entire piece of history completely destroyed as a result of one act. The aftermath of the Pazzi Conspiracy continued for many, many years after the event itself. As stated, Lorenzo became something of a hero, despite his embezzlement problems, and when he died at the young age of forty three, there was a â€Å"massive display of public grief and the entire population attended his funeral. He was buried in the Medici Chapel in the Church of San Lorenzo, where his brother Giuliano already rested.† 3 Lorenzo left behind quite a legacy however; his second son Giovanni and his nephew Giulio (the illegitimate son of Giuliano, who had been captured with Caterina after Giuliano’s death) were later to become very powerful popes, Pope Leo X and Pope Clement VII. 3 Works Cited 1. Hairston, Julia L. â€Å"Skirting the Issue: Machiavelli’s Caterina Sforza.† Renaissance Quarterly, Volume53, Issue 3, (2000) http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=printdocId=5001097598 (October 17, 2006) 2. History of Florence. â€Å"The Pazzi’s Conspiracy.† (2004). http://www.aboutflorence.com/pazzi-conspiracy.html. (October 13, 2006). 3. Lorenzo. â€Å"Lorenzo the Magnificent.† 2005. http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/4-19-2004-53113.asp (October 16, 2006). 4. Martinez, Lauro. â€Å"April Bood: Florence and the Plot against the Medici.† Oxford University Press, USA; (April 1, 2003). 5. McClelland, Aaron D. â€Å"The Pazzi Conspiracy† (2005). http://www.3.telus.net/Quattrocento_Florence/pazzi.html (October 15, 2006). 6. McClelland, Aaron D. â€Å"The Medici.† (2005). http://www.3.telus.net/Quattrocento_Florence/pazziplayers-medici.html (October 15, 2006). 7. McClelland, Aaron D. â€Å"The Players, The Pazzi.† (2005). http://www.3.telus.net/Quattrocento_Florence/pazziplayers-pazzi.html (October 15, 2006). 8. McClelland, Aaron D. â€Å"The Pope and His Court.† (2005). http://www3.telus.net/Quattrocento_Florence/pazziplayers-pope.html. (October 15, 2006) 9. McClelland, Aaron D. â€Å"The Conspiracy.† (2005). http://www3.telus.net/Auattrocento_Florence/pazzi-conspiracy.html (October 15, 2006). 10. McClelland, Aaron D. â€Å"The Second Meeting.† (2005). http://www3.telus.net/Quattrocento_Florence/pazzi-second.html (October 15, 2006). 11. Pazzi. â€Å"Pazzi Conspiracy.† (2005). http://www.answers.com/topic/pazzi (October 17, 2006). 12. Rees, Valerie. â€Å"Marsilio Ficino Renaissance Man.† History Today, Volume 49, Issue 7, July, 1999. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=printdocId=5001275749 (October 13, 2006). 13. Walters, Colin. â€Å"A Florentine Family Tires of Medici Rule.† The Washington Times, May 18, 2003. http://www.questia.com/PM.gst?action=printdocId=5001929719 (October 14, 2006).

Victory Over the Limits :: essays research papers

â€Å"Victory Over the Limits† There is no doubt that DH Lawrence’s limits of expression are far different than many successful writers before him. These limits were not etched in stone, but writers knew that there were certain boundaries that should not be crossed. Lawrence chooses a number of ways to push these boundaries, and is extremely successful in doing so. His dedication to use the strongest possible language and expressions to describe sexual encounters forced his novel to come under wraps. Each of the main characters contributes to the challenge Lawrence gives to the limits of expression. Their actions as well as their language confirms the challenge Lawrence makes towards these limits. Lady Chatterley’s Lover is in itself a statement to the literary world, that the limits of expression need to be challenged, and will be. Lady Constance Chatterley is one of the main characters of the novel and a very controversial figure. She is a perfect example of how the questions of social class are raised. Her existence on the country estate limits her connections with the outside world, causing strong conflict within her. The fact that her husband is paralyzed and impotent begins to wear on her, and her attitude takes a dramatic turn. Her character is a challenge to the limits of expression because of her sexual desires. Although her first affair with Michaelis did not satisfy her needs, it showed her readiness to rebel against the norm. Her second affair is the one that raises the eyebrows of anyone who reads the novel. Mellors was a man of less stature than Connie, which was another example of her rebellious nature. It also developed into much more than a harmless rendezvous. The explicit description of their sexual encounters was enough to stir up controversy. â€Å"Oh, don’t tease him†, said Co nnie, crawling on her knees on the bed towards him†¦ her hanging swinging breasts touched the tip of the stirring, erect phallus, and caught the drop of moisture. She held the man fast. Lie down he said. Lie down! Let me come†(LCL 226-227). That excerpt is enough to prove that DH Lawrence was ready for controversy. The fact that he places a woman in this situation shows that any one of the characters is capable of anything. Mellors is the character that takes all the limits of expression to the most extreme level. His relationship with Connie takes over the plot of the novel, bringing this gamekeeper to the forefront.